Kerja Keras adalah Energi Kita, LPG

Kerja Keras adalah energi kita - According PT. Pertamina Persero Cyber News in Jakarta, Monday, October 19 2009 (16:28) Kerosene conversion to LPG Successfully Save USD $ 10.7 Trillion Oil Subsidy. That' s wonderfull way !

I interest to review that great moment by writting this to follow Pertamina Blog Contest in celebrating PT. Pertamina's birthday.

Cause of nice motto - kerja keras adalah energi kita - LPG conversion program success 3 kg and continued to do the addition of distribution facilities and stockpiling of LPG is carried out led to an appreciation of Pertamina awards Dharma Karya Energy and Mineral Resources Ministry Associate of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM), Monday (28 / 9).

Awards received by the National Program Implementation Team Convert Kerosene to LPG because of the success of the program do the conversion of kerosene to LPG 3 pounds that have been made from 2007 to the present.
Awards for success with amazing motto kerja keras adalah energi kita, given the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Purnomo Yusgiantoro of Indonesia to PT Pertamina (Persero) which has distributed nearly 40 million package for the conversion of prime households and small businesses. Until the second week of October, the accumulated amount of the distribution tube has reached 39,885,177.
For the year 2009, recorded until mid-October 2009, Pertamina has distributed packets of stoves and cylinders 20,138,021 Family Head (KK) and micro-businesses or achieve the target 85 percent of the 23,772,582 package later this year.

With - kerja keras adalah energi kita - LPG conversion program is successful it rolled out in Indonesia is the largest in the world, because this conversion is done by the target 52 million households within three years in 2010, even this program has been praised by the World LP Gas Association as a model for the conversion of non-user LPG to LPG which can be used as examples of other countries.

Pertamina also received awards represented also accepted by the Hanung Budya build infrastructure for the success of LPG Filling Stations particularly Bulk Liquefied petroleum gas (SPBE) as many as 103 fruits. In addition, Pertamina is also building the largest SPBE supported 120 Liquefied petroleum gas filling machine and has a charging capacity of 1,000 metric tons per day, it also because of kerja keras adalah energi kita spirit.

Kerosene conversion to LPG

Throughout the 2007-2009 period conversion program was carried out, has managed to save the state subsidy of Rp 19.98 trillion. The cost for the conversion package is around Rp. 9.3 Trillion, so the total savings that can be performed country is around Rp. 10.7 Trillion.

Since the start of a conversion program in 2007, LPG consumption continues to increase. For the year 2009, Pertamina predicts the total use of LPG will penetrate a 3 million metric tons. This figure consists of 1.7 million LPG Mton for PSO (subsidized) and 1.3 million Tonnes of LPG Non Subsidy. The increased consumption of LPG gas fuel must be followed by efforts to improve infrastructure performance and distribution support. For that by handling the motto - kerja keras adalah energi kita -, Pertamina seek acceleration of the development of supporting infrastructure. Including the development of several LPG Storage Terminal either made by Pertamina and the third party as an investment partner.

Withdrawal of kerosene has reached 97 percent of the registration of 4,045,928 Kilo Liter Revised targets 2009 for 4.1 million Kilo Liter. For the realization of refill (refill tube) and the prime LPG has reached 1,301,070 Metric Ton (MT) or 77 percent of the target year 2009 is 1,753,552 MT. Target 52 million beneficiaries are expected to pack in mid 2010. Bravo pertamina ! Happy birthday - kerja keras adalah energi kita

When the Lamp Is Shattered

by : Percy Bysshe Shelley

When the lamp is shattered
The light in the dust lies dead
When the cloud is scattered 

The rainbow's glory is shed. 

When the lute is broken, 

Sweet tones are remembered not.

When the lips have spoken,

Loved accents are soon forgot.

As music and splendour

Survive not the lamp and the lute.
The heart's echoes render 

No song when the spirit is mute--
No song but sad dirges, 

Like the wind through a ruined cell,
Or the mournful surges 

That ring the dead seaman's knell. 

When hearts have once mingled 

Love first leaves the well-built nest.
The weak one is singled 

To endure what it once possessed.
Oh Love! who bewailest 

The frailty of all things here,
Why choose you the frailest 

For your cradle, your home, and your bier?

Its passions will rock thee 

As the storms rock the ravens on high.
Bright reason will mock thee, 

Like the sun from a wintry sky.
From thy nest every rafter 

Will rot, and thine eagle home 

Leave thee naked to laughter,
When leaves fall and cold winds come

when you tell me that you love me

BY: Diana Rose

I wanna can the star
down from the sky

I wanna live a day
That never dies

I wanna change the world
only for you

All the imporsible
I wanna do

I wanna hold you close
under the rain

I wanna kiss your smile
and feel that pain

I know what's beautiful
looking at you

and the world of life
your the truth

"and baby everytime you touch me, i'll become a hero. I'make you save no matter where your.
and bring you every you ask for, nothing is about me. I'm shinning like a candle in the dark, WHEN YOU TELL ME THAT YOU LOVE ME

Pertamina Lubricants, Kerja keras adalah energi kita

Kerja keras adalah energi kita - with this great motto, PT. Pertamina Persero as oil and gas producers who have 52-year-old integrated business from exploration and production, processing to marketing of products, both domestically and abroad. Domestically, Pertamina Lubricants is a market leader for more than 54%, while outside of Indonesia, Pertamina Lubricants are marketed to Belgium, Pakistan, UAE, Myanmar, Singapore, Taiwan, etc.. This shows the quality of Pertamina lubricants are recognized by consumers the world

For this posting I try to follow Pertamina Blog Contest with smart motto kerja keras adalah energi kita by reviewing press release of PT. Pertamina Persero in Sydney, October 23, 2009 - PT.PERTAMINA (Persero) through its Lubricants business unit launched a high-quality lubricants for the Australian market. The day before Pertamina also success in Kerosene conversion to LPG Successfully Save USD $ 10.7 Trillion Oil Subsidy.

Official launch events conducted by the Ministry of Transpotation NSW, Director of Marketing and Commerce Pertamina of Indonesia and its consulate general in the State House Kosulat General of the Republic of Indonesia in Sydney on Friday October 23, 2009. Segment lubricant marketed to Australian consumers including automotive and industrial segments. Some brands are Fastron lubricant production, Prima XP, etc. Pertamina lubricant with tagline X'treme Power & Protektion (XP2), based on the quality of lubricants are divided into 3 classes namely Premium, Gold and Silver are adjusted with its use. Pertamina lubricant is made from a mixture of base oil (mineral and fully synhetic) plus best additive manufactured by world-class companies such as Lubrizol, Infenium, Chevron Oronite etc., resulting in high quality lubricant from the API (Association des Constructeurs European d'Automobiles), Volvo , DaimlairChrysler, in the automotive sector, as well as certificates of Komatsu, Niigata, Caterpillar, Wartsila, etc. in industrial lubricants segment. Australian market is very attractive to Pertamina, but due to the relatively close distance, has a value quite prestigious because of the countries "Western". Australia lubricant needs around 550,000 KL / year. Initial target is the automotive segment both Top Tier and Mid Tier, the need for KL 260,000 (48% of national demand). Targeted marketing network is independent garage, pool taxi, bus / truck pool, and autoparts retailer of independent (non-chain). For the first year, PT.PERTAMINA PERSERO sales target of about 3-5 containers per month. With an estimated 15-20% growth per year, is expected in 2015 Pertamina lubricants business in Australia has reached over 5000 KL / year. In distributing Pertamina's lubricants and serves customers in Australia, Pertamina has been appointed a Country Distributors, Lubricants Pty Ltd Offshor the address at 28 Bryant Street, Padstow NSW 2211 Australia. We have been marketing Offshore Lubricants Lubricants to gerage independent, so that consumers can obtain Lubricants education, promotion activities etc. and of course with competitive price.. Bravo pertamina! Kerja keras adalah energi kita.

Alkaloids

by Fahry Marewo5

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the chemical compounds alkaloids. For the pharmaceutical company in the Republic of Macedonia, see Alkaloid (company).

Alkaloids are naturally occurring chemical compounds containing basic nitrogen atoms.[1] The name derives from the word alkaline and was used to describe any nitrogen-containing base. Alkaloids are produced by a large variety of organisms, including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals and are part of the group of natural products (also called secondary metabolites). Many alkaloids can be purified from crude extracts by acid-base extraction. Many alkaloids are toxic to other organisms. They often have pharmacological effects and are used as medications, as recreational drugs, or in entheogenic rituals. Examples are the local anesthetic and stimulant cocaine, the stimulant caffeine, nicotine, the analgesic morphine, or the antimalarial drug quinine. Some alkaloids have a bitter taste.

Alkaloid classifications
Generally speaking, alkaloids are categorized under three main categories,depending on their biogenic origin. For those containing at least a nitrogen atom in a ring system derived from amino acids (i.e. alkaloids derived from phenylalanine are not grouped in this category), they are true alkaloids. The alkaloids derived from phenylalanine are categorized as protoalkaloids. While the remaining ones, such as steroidal alkaloids and purine alkaloids, are classified as pseudoalkaloids.
Alkaloids are usually classified by their common molecular precursors, based on the metabolic pathway used to construct the molecule.[citation needed] When not much was known about the biosynthesis of alkaloids, they were grouped under the names of known compounds, even some non-nitrogenous ones (since those molecules' structures appear in the finished product; the opium alkaloids are sometimes called "phenanthrenes", for example), or by the plants or animals they were isolated from. When more is learned about a certain alkaloid, the grouping is changed to reflect the new knowledge, usually taking the name of a biologically-important amine that stands out in the synthesis process.[original research?]
• Pyridine group: piperine, coniine, trigonelline, arecoline, arecaidine, guvacine, cytisine, lobeline, nicotine, anabasine, sparteine, pelletierine.
• Pyrrolidine group: hygrine, cuscohygrine, nicotine
• Tropane group: atropine, cocaine, ecgonine, scopolamine, catuabine
• Indolizidine group: senecionine, swainsonine
• Quinoline group: quinine, quinidine, dihydroquinine, dihydroquinidine, strychnine, brucine, veratrine, cevadine
• Isoquinoline group: opium alkaloids (papaverine, narcotine, narceine, morphine, codeine, heroine), sanguinarine, hydrastine, berberine, emetine, berbamine, oxyacanthine
• Phenanthrene alkaloids: opium alkaloids (morphine, codeine, thebaine)
• Phenethylamine group: mescaline, ephedrine, dopamine
• Indole group:
o Tryptamines: serotonin, DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, bufotenine, psilocybin
o Ergolines (the ergot alkaloids): ergine, ergotamine, lysergic acid
o Beta-carbolines: harmine, harmaline, tetrahydroharmine
o Yohimbans: reserpine, yohimbine
o Vinca alkaloids: vinblastine, vincristine
o Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) alkaloids: mitragynine, 7-hydroxymitragynine
o Tabernanthe iboga alkaloids: ibogaine, voacangine, coronaridine
o Strychnos nux-vomica alkaloids: strychnine, brucine
• Purine group:
o Xanthines: caffeine, theobromine, theophylline
• Terpenoid group:
o Aconitum alkaloids: aconitine
o Steroid alkaloids (containing a steroid skeleton in a nitrogen containing structure):
 Solanum (e.g. potato and tomato) alkaloids (solanidine, solanine, chaconine)
 Veratrum alkaloids (veratramine, cyclopamine, cycloposine, jervine, muldamine)[2]
 Fire Salamander alkaloids (samandarin)
 Others: conessine
• Quaternary ammonium compounds: muscarine, choline, neurine
• Miscellaneous: capsaicin, cynarin, phytolaccine, phytolaccotoxin

Physicochemical properties
Low-molecular weight alkaloids without hydrogen bond donors such as hydroxy groups are often liquid at room temperature, examples are nicotine, sparteine, coniine, and phenethylamine.
The basicity of alkaloids depends on the lone pairs of electrons on their nitrogen atoms. As organic bases, alkaloids form salts with mineral acids such as hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid and organic acids such as tartaric acid or maleic acid. These salts are usually more water-soluble than their free base form.

Aeromonas hydrophila

Aeromonads are ubiquitous, oxidase-positive, facultatively anaerobic, glucose-fermenting, Gram-negative bacteria that are native to aquatic environments (Hazen et al., 1978). They have been found in brackish, fresh, estuarine, marine, chlorinated and unchlorinated water supplies worldwide, with highest numbers obtained in the warmer months (Van der Kooj et al., 1988; Kaper et al., 1981; Hazen et al., 1978). Aeromonads have been isolated from diseased cold- and warm-blooded animals for over 100 years, and from humans since the early 1950s (Mathewson and Dupont, 1992).

Scanning electron micrograph of Aeromonas hydrophila attached to a human intestinal epithelial cell line (photo courtesy of Northwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA).
Aeromonas hydrophila
• motile rod-shaped bacterium
• 0.3-1.0 um in diameter and 1.0-3.5 um in length
• no spore stage; usually unencapsulated
• optimum growth at 28 C, but growth observed at extremes (4 C and 37 C)

The ubiquitous nature of Aeromonas species in aquatic environments provides ample opportunity for animals, particularly fish and amphibians, to come into contact with, and to ingest organisms. Such contact may lead to infection which, depending on the species and the virulence of the strains encountered, may have life-threatening consequences.

Aeromonas hydrophila has been recovered from a wide-range of freshwater fish species worldwide, and occasionally from marine fish—e.g. ulcer disease of cod (Larsen and Jensen, 1977). However, conflicting views have been expressed over the precise role of A. hydrophila as a fish pathogen. Some researchers contend that the organism is only a secondary invader of previously weakened hosts, while others believe that A. hydrophila is a primary pathogen of freshwater fish (Eurell et al., 1978).
The Disease (in Fish)

A. hydrophila has been associated with several disease conditions in fish, including tail rot, fin rot, and haemorrahagic septicaemias. Haemorrahagic septicaemia is characterized by the presence of small surface lesions, often leading to sloughing off of the scales, haemorrhaging in the gills and anus, ulcers, abscesses, exophthalmia (bulging eyes), and abdominal swelling (dropsy)--often seen in European carp culture. Internally, there may be the presence of ascitic fluid in the peritoneal cavity, anaemia, and swelling of the kidney and liver (Miyazaki and Kaige, 1985). Another condition caused by A. hydrophila, known as red-fin disease, is characterized by the presence of surface haemorrhages and scale erosion.

Eel (Anguilla japonica) with red-fin disease caused by Aeromonas hydrophila (photo courtesy of Dr. Teruo Miyazaki). During the 1960s, outbreaks of red-fin disease, caused by A. hydrophila, occurred frequently in cultured eels in Japan (Hoshina, 1962; Egusa, 1978).

The etiologic agent is transmitted horizontally (between animals other than parents and offspring) but not vertically (from parent to offspring). The bacteria multiply inside the intestine, causing a haemorrhagic mucuous-desquamative catarrh (excessive mucous secretion). Toxic metabolites of A. hydrophila are absorbed from the intestine and induce poisoning. Capillary haemorrhage occurs in the dermis of fins and trunk and in the submucosa of the stomach. Hepatic cells and epithelia of renal tubules show degeneration. Glomeruli are destroyed and the tissue becomes haemorrhagic, with exudates of serum and fibrin (Miyazaki and Jo, 1985; Miyazaki and Kage, 1985).

Aeromonas species produce many products that may be toxic to other cells. Some are released from viable cells in soluble form. Others may remain associated with the cell surface, and still others may be released upon cell death. Three of the extracellular proteins of Aeromonas species—that have been implicated in pathogenicity—have been cloned, sequenced, and characterized biochemically. These are aerolysin, GCAT (glycerophospholipid:cholesterol acyltransferase), and a serine protease (Howard and Buckley, 1986; Buckley et al., 1991; Rodriguez et al, 1992)
Outbreaks of disease are usually associated with a change in environmental conditions. Stressors, including overcrowding, high temperature, a sudden change of temperature, rough handling, transfer of fish, low dissolved oxygen, poor nutritional status, and fungul or parasitic infection, contribute to physiological changes and heighten susceptibility to infection.

Control and Treatment
Prevention in Aquaculture (adpated from Warren, 1991)
1.Avoid hatchery to hatchery transfers of fish. Fish gradually develop resistance to local strains of bacteria but may carry virulent organisms to another hatchery when transferred.
2.Provide optimal environmental conditions for the species being reared, paying special attention to the maintenance of oxygen levels and the gentle handling of fish.
3.Prophylactic treatments are helpful when sorting, handling, or moving broodstock. Intraperitoneal injections of 10–30 mg per pound of body weight of aqueous chloramphenicol has reduced post-handling losses by 80–90 percent in Europe.
4.Antibiotics or disinfectants should be added to the water as a prophylactic measure when fish are transported in tank trucks or plastic bags. Acriflavin at 2–4 ppm has been used in routine fish transportation operations.

Therapy
Chemotherapeutic agents are used for the treatment of A. hydrophila in fish farms. Isolates of A. hydrophila in fish have been found to be sensitive to chloramphenicol, florfenicol, tetracycline, sulphonamide, nitrofuran derivatives, and pyrodinecarboxylic acids (Aoki and Egusa, 1971; Endo et al., 1973; Katae et al. 1979; Fukui et al. 1987). In hatchery operations, terramycin has been effective when incorporated into pelleted fish feed and fed at 3.5 grams of active drug per 100 pounds of fish per day for 10 days (Warren, 1991). [Note: Antibacterial therapy will provide only short-term relief if adverse environmental conditions such as high water temperatures, low water flows, low oxygen levels, or crowding are not promptly corrected].

The Disease (in Humans)
Bacteraemia (bacteria in the blood) is the most common pathogenic manifestation of Aeromonas in humans. Mild symptoms include fever and chills, but patients who become septic (overwhelming bacterial infection) with Aeromonas often exhibit abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

Reports of Aeromonas wound infections have appeared increasingly in the literature. Unlike gastroenteritis, these infections can have fatal or serious debilitating outcomes, such as amputations. Aeromonas wounds fall into three categories, listed in order of increasing severity of damage caused: cellulitis, myonecrosis, and ecthyma gangrenosum.

Cellulitis, the most frequently encountered Aeromonas wound infection, is an acute inflammation of subcutaneous tissue characterized by redness and induration that may arise from injury or secondary to sepsis (Musher, 1980). Myonecrosis and ecthyma, the two less commonly seen types of Aeromonas infections, are typically found in patients that are immunocompromised. Myonecrosis, or bullous lesions, is characterized by the liquefaction of muscles with blackening of the tissue which may be gangrenous with gas formation. These patients require agressive antimicrobial therapy and debridement; those individuals that fail to respond to these measures may require amputation (Haburchak, 1996). The third type, ecthyma gangrenosum, is a cutaneous necrotic or gangrenous pustule that occurs secondary to sepsis. Lesions have an erythematous border surrounding a vesicle which can progress to necrosis of the soft tissue within 24 h. This type of infection is usually fatal (Musher, 1980).

Outcomes such as these serve as a sobering reminder to properly attend to wounds with clean water and antiseptics. Never wash a wound with lake or river water!
A. hydrophila infections require prompt attention at the first sign of onset. Most infections are treated with fluoroquinolones. Alternative agents include aztreonam, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, third-generation cephalosporins, and/or aminoglycosides (Mani et al., 1995).

Reff From :
el_fahrybimantara.blogspot.com
John Hayes
MB592 - Diseases of Fish
Spring 2000 Term Project
Oregon State University

Bonsai refreshing

Many are probably in the habit of keeping some indoor plants. Tending them with love, giving them the required sunlight and water, these plants brighten some of the dark spots in our homes.

A bonsai is definitely for indoors. Plants, which have been shaped by an artist is a wonder. When one sees a small orange tree with a lot of fruits or a sapotica with delicious fruits hanging from its small braches or a miniature woody banyan tree, they are always awe-inspiring.

These creations are again a labour of love. Just like looking after a garden full of plants, bonsai demands attention and care. It is an art to shape them into different styles and keeping them all pruned and groomed.

Proper display

When these dwarfed trees and shrubs are kept in proper places at homes, they not just add to the beauty, it also makes a visitor wonder about the art. They need to be displayed properly for total appreciation.

All the inspiring work definitely takes some perseverance. C.C. Sebastian, who has been growing bonsai for more than 25 years now, said that it is important to know which plants will look good in different shapes. Usually trees with small leaves make a beautiful bonsai, since the canopy looks wonderful.

Mr. Sebastian has at home a two-feet mango tree which flowers and fruits every year, a cashew tree in full glory and many other flowering plants, like the Gulmohar (Vaga) tree and Cassia (kani-konna). A hibiscus looks wonderful as a bonsai so do desert rose and bogainvilla and lots of other varieties. "We can make a bonsai of jasmine and rose too," said Mr. Sebastian, who is a regulat participant at the annual flower show.

Once a person gets to know the nitty-gritty of growing a bonsai, giving it a periodical trim and styling it as it grows would help the person learn more about the natural ways of the plant. While some plants look best in an upright position, some look better if it acquires a slanting shape, giving it a windswept look.

There are usually some tips regarding which plant looks good in which shape, but there are no hard and fast rules. "We all learn by experience," said Mr. Sebastian, who takes classes on growing bonsai.

Basic styles

Some of the know basic bonsai styles are formal upright, informal upright, broom, slanting, semi-cascade and cascade. Plants can be given any style and shape, but for the beginners need to stick to the plant's natural ways. Development of the trunk is important for bonsai. The usual classic style is to have a thick base, which tapers at the end.

Correct pots

It is not just the style that a bonsai is given that is appealing to a viewer. The pots that hold a bonsai are equally important. A bonsai is usually grown in shallow pots. They need to be perched on stands that are kept at eye level. A bonsai has to be appreciated by its artistically formed root, trunk and leaves.

All bonsais need not necessarily be grown in shallow pots. There are some that require a deeper pot too. Some of the fruit trees would require more water and hence a deeper pot. However, it needs to be mentioned that if some trees are grown in deep pots, which can hold more water, the roots may also rot. Hence one has to know which tree needs shallow and which needs a deeper pot.

The colour of the pots is important too. A leafy tree can have a vibrant coloured pot while a colourful plant needs to tone down on the pot colour. Shapes of pots also matter. A well-chosen container can enhance the beauty of the plant.

The practice of bonsai is ever developing since the times it had originated in China more than thousand years ago. It was only in the beginning of last century that world got to know about the bonsai art. Since then it has been a developing art.

SHYAMA RAJAGOPAL / www.hindu.com

The kinds of Aeromonas hydrophila-2

by : Elfahry

5. Associated Foods:
A. hydrophila has frequently been found in fish and shellfish. It has also been found in market samples of red meats (beef, pork, lamb) and poultry. Since little is known about the virulence mechanisms of A. hydrophila, it is presumed that not all strains are pathogenic, given the ubiquity of the organism.

6. Relative Frequency of Disease:
The relative frequency of A. hydrophila disease in the U.S. is unknown since efforts to ascertain its true incidence have only recently been attempted. Most cases have been sporadic rather than associated with large outbreaks, but increased reports have been noted from several clinical centers.

7. Course of Disease and Complications:
On rare occasions the dysentery-like syndrome is severe and may last for several weeks.
A. hydrophila may spread throughout the body and cause a general infection in persons with impaired immune systems. Those at risk are individuals suffering from leukemia, carcinoma, and cirrhosis and those treated with immunosuppressive drugs or who are undergoing cancer chemotherapy.

8. Target Populations:
A. hydrophila can be recovered from most foods by direct plating onto a solid medium containing starch as the sole carbohydrate source and ampicillin to retard the growth of most competing microorganisms.

9. Food Analysis:
All people are believed to be susceptible to gastroenteritis, although it is most frequently observed in very young children. People with impaired immune systems or underlying malignancy are susceptible to the more severe infections.

10. Selected Outbreaks:
Literature references can be found at the links below.
Most cases have been sporadic, rather than associated with large outbreaks.
For information on recent outbreaks see the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports from CDC.

11. Education and Background Resources:
Literature references can be found at the links below.

Loci index for genome Aeromonas hydrophila
Available from the GenBank Taxonomy database, which contains the names of all organisms that are represented in the genetic databases with at least one nucleotide or protein sequence.

12. Molecular Structural Data:
None currently available.

Reff from :

CDC/MMWR
The CDC/MMWR link will provide a list of Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports at CDC relating to this organism or toxin. The date shown is the date the item was posted on the Web, not the date of the MMWR. The summary statement shown are the initial words of the overall document. The specific article of interest may be just one article or item within the overall report.
NIH/PubMed
The NIH/PubMed button at the top of the page will provide a list of research abstracts contained in the National Library of Medicine's MEDLINE database for this organism or toxin.
AGRICOLA
The AGRICOLA button will provide a list of research abstracts contained in the National Agricultural Library database for this organism or toxin.

The kinds of Aeromonas hydrophila - 1

Aeromonas hydrophila consist of :

1. Name of the Organism:
Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas caviae, Aeromonas sobria & (Aeromonas veronii?)

Aeromonas hydrophila is a species of bacterium that is present in all freshwater environments and in brackish water. Some strains of A. hydrophila are capable of causing illness in fish and amphibians as well as in humans who may acquire infections through open wounds or by ingestion of a sufficient number of the organisms in food or water.
Not as much is known about the other Aeromonas spp., but they too are aquatic microorganisms and have been implicated in human disease.

2. Nature of Acute Disease:
A. hydrophila may cause gastroenteritis in healthy individuals or septicemia in individuals with impaired immune systems or various malignancies.
A. caviae and A. sobria also may cause enteritis in anyone or septicemia in immunocompromised persons or those with malignancies.



3. Nature of Disease:
At the present time, there is controversy as to whether A. hydrophila is a cause of human gastroenteritis. Although the organism possesses several attributes which could make it pathogenic for humans, volunteer human feeding studies, even with enormous numbers of cells (i.e. 10^11), have failed to elicit human illness. Its presence in the stools of individuals with diarrhea, in the absence of other known enteric pathogens, suggests that it has some role in disease.

Likewise, A. caviae and A. sobria are considered by many as "putative pathogens," associated with diarrheal disease, but as of yet they are unproven causative agents.
Two distinct types of gastroenteritis have been associated with A. hydrophila: a cholera-like illness with a watery (rice and water) diarrhea and a dysenteric illness characterized by loose stools containing blood and mucus. The infectious dose of this organism is unknown, but SCUBA divers who have ingested small amounts of water have become ill, and A. hydrophila has isolated from their stools.
A general infection in which the organisms spread throughout the body has been observed in individuals with underlying illness (septicemia).

4. Diagnosis of Human Illness:
A. hydrophila can be cultured from stools or from blood by plating the organisms on an agar medium containing sheep blood and the antibiotic ampicillin. Ampicillin prevents the growth of most competing microorganisms. The species identification is confirmed by a series of biochemical tests. The ability of the organism to produce the enterotoxins believed to cause the gastrointestinal symptoms can be confirmed by tissue culture assays.

Cancer Cells

by : Rien Elfahri

This posting dedicated to people whoever have pain cause of cancer, expecially to my own sister in Sape Bima - that had been attacked by this terrible multi-hit.
Cancer cells appear differently than normal cells do under the microscope. Their nucleus is much larger than in normal cells, their chromosomes are irregular in distribution and the nucleoli in the nucleus are very prominent. When cancer cells are grown in culture in the lab they also appear different than normal cells. Rather than growing in neat single-layer sheets with one next to the other they grow more haphazardly. They have long processes that extend from the cells, they overlap one another and their shape is more rounded. Normal cells will continue to divide and grow in a culture plate until they touch a neighboring cell where they receive a signal to stop growing. Cancer cells, on the other hand, do not receive this signal and grow on top of each other forming piles of growing cells that resemble a tumor.
Normal cells require growth factors added to their growth medium to enable them to grow in culture. Cancer cells do not require the same amount of growth factors, possibly because they are able make their own growth factors. Normal human cells will grow for a short amount of time in culture and then die, while cancer cells tend to keep on growing. The term given for this ability is immortalization. Cancer cells in culture are immortalized or have unlimited growth potential.
Cancer cells also have a more immature appearance compared to normal cells. This is referred to as dedifferentiation, or they lack differentiation. As an embryo matures and develops, its cells differentiate. This means they take on more specific roles that are reflected in their appearance—kidney cells begin to look different than skin cells or breast cells. Cancer cells look less and less like the tissue they are part of and more like embryonic cells. They also produce embryonic proteins that are used as tumor markers such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and alpha fetoprotein (AFP).

Pathology
Tumors - are either malignant or benign depending upon their invasiveness. Benign tumors are less aggressive, less likely to invade the surrounding tissue, less likely to metastasize (spread) and are slower growing. Although it sounds as if they pose no threat to the individual, this is not always the case. A tumor in the brain especially can be life threatening and put pressure on the brain as it grows. A benign tumor may also secrete hormones that in high levels can be toxic to the individual.
A malignant tumor is more aggressive, more invasive into the surrounding tissue, faster growing and more likely to metastasize. Malignant tumors usually kill the individual if they are not removed. The diagnosis as to whether a tumor is benign or malignant is done on a small sample of the tumor, called a biopsy. A pathologist will microscopically examine a thin, stained slice of the tissue. The tumor is graded, or given a number from 1 -4 that corresponds to its degree of malignancy, with 4 being the most malignant and 1 being benign. The more malignant the tumor, the less organized the cells of the tissue are and the more anaplastic or dedifferentiated they appear.
The tumor is also staged which refers to the amount it has spread. This is done both by gross examination of the patient and by microscopic examination of the tissue. The staging relates to the patient's prognosis. The best prognosis is if the tumor is confined to the epithelial layer of an organ and not spread into the basement membrane. The prognosis is worse if the tumor cells have spread to adjacent lymph nodes. As a tumor grows, it becomes capable of both invasion and metastasis.
An organ of the body consists of epithelial cells that are supported by a basement membrane. (Epithelial cells are cells that form the tissue that covers internal and external surfaces of the body and is found on skin and mucosal surfaces.) The basement membranes separate the epithelial cells from connective tissues that are rich in blood vessels. As the tumor enlarges, it can grow into the surrounding tissue, through the basement membrane and into blood or lymph vessels. This is a critical point in the growth of a tumor. Now, a small piece of tumor can break off and travel through the circulation until it receives a signal to attach to the vessel wall. It can then move through the vessel, into the tissue bed, where it grows to become a secondary tumor. This is termed metastasis. Two common locations for metastasizing tumors are the lungs and the liver.
Cancer can also involve the immune system and individuals with weakened immune systems are often at increased risk for developing cancer. AIDS patients, for example, are at increased risk for developing some cancers, such as Kaposi's sarcoma. As a cell becomes cancerous, it develops different antigens on its cell surface that should be recognized by the immune system and removed. For some reason, the immune system does not remove tumors. Probably, many cancer cells do develop in the body that are identified and removed by the immune system. It is not understood why this happens occasionally but not consistently. There have been documented cases of spontaneous tumor regression which may be due to activation of the immune system.
These unique antigens expressed on the surface of cancer cells can be used to the patient's advantage in treating cancer. Monoclonal antibodies are proteins produced in the laboratory from a single clone of a B cell, the type of cells of the immune system that make antibodies. Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are proteins that help identify foreign substances to the immune system, such as bacteria or a virus. Antibodies work by binding to the foreign substance to mark it as foreign. The substance that the antibody binds to is called an antigen. Monoclonal antibodies that can recognize and attach to the specific antigens found on cancer cells are now being used to target cancer cells directly.
Unfortunately, cancer may go undiagnosed until it is quite advanced. This is because the body has many ways to adapt itself to damage and so symptoms are reduced for some time. Metastasis may be present by the time cancer is diagnosed. Symptoms of cancer include pain emanating from the organ being stretched, as well as fever and weakness. As the disease progresses, cachexia (the wasting that occurs due to starvation and debilitation caused by the cancer) may occur. The patient becomes unable to mount an anti-inflammatory response and infections occur. These infections become the cause of death in most cancer patients.

Carcinogenesis
How does a cancer cell become a cancer cell? Most scientists agree that cancer is a "multi-hit" process—a process that requires a series of genetic mutations that occur either spontaneously, are inherited or are caused by specific carcinogens. There are several stages in the development of cancer: initiation, promotion and progression.
•Initiation. During initiation, a carcinogen interacts with and damages the DNA. Repair can occur after this point and the process can be reversed.
•Promotion. Promotion causes reproduction or proliferation of these damaged cells, forming a mass of cells or a benign adenoma. This stage is still reversible and removal of the promoting agent can stop the expansion of the tumor mass.
•Progression. Progression, however, is irreversible and involves a number of sequential mutations in genes including oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. The end result of progression is a late adenoma that eventually converts to a malignant carcinoma.

References :

American Cancer Society, ed: Osteen, Robert T. Cancer Manual. Framingham, MA: The American Cancer Society, 1996.
McKinnell, Robert G, Ralph E. Parchment, Alan O. Perantoni, and G. Barry Pierce. The Biological Basis of Cancer. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Templeton, Dennis J., and Robert A. Weinberg. "Principles of Cancer Biology." In Clinical Oncology, edited by Gerald P. Murphy, Walter Lawrence, and Raymond E. Lenhard. Atlanta, GA: The American Cancer Society, 1995.
Weinberg Robert A. One Renegade Cell: How Cancer Begins. New York: Basic Books, 1998.
El-fahribimantara.blogspot.com

Saving Coral Reefs Becomes a Tourism Priority

Snorkeling and DivingGREEN sea turtles, cascades of glittering reef fish, blooming coral pillars — countless travelers have come nose to nose with a thriving undersea universe while on vacation. But increasingly, divers and snorkelers are swimming
over bleached hunks of coral devastated by shore runoff or overfishing.

From the South Pacific to the Caribbean, coral reefs — which are among the most delicate of marine ecosystems — are bearing the brunt of climate change and other human-driven activities — including coastal development, deforestation
and unrestricted tourism. Now, many in the tourist industry are trying to halt the damage. And it is no wonder. The dollars involved in reef-based tourism are significant: Australia’s Great Barrier Reef alone draws about 1.9 million visitors a year, supporting a $4.2 billion industry. According to the Nature Conservancy, the annual economic value of coral reefs to world tourism is $9.6 billion.

Growing awareness of environmental issues means that the tourism industry has lately been a partner to conservation efforts in major reef areas. Though the Great Barrier is the most famous reef, it is not the most threatened; its extensive
marine management program is widely regarded as a model for conservation. It includes eco-certification programs for tourism operators within the boundaries of the marine park, environmental tourist fees, large no-take zones, species monitoring
and tourism industry contributions to the Great Barrier Reef’s main research center.
But the world’s second-largest barrier reef, the Mesoamerican Reef in the Caribbean, is seriously endangered by coastal development, runoff and pollution. The reef system stretches nearly 700 miles from the Yucatán Peninsula of Mexico to the Bay Islands of Honduras. And reefs in the Coral Triangle in Southeast Asia — which reaches from Malaysia to the Philippines, Indonesia and the Solomon Islands, encompassing some of the planet’s most diverse marine habitats — have been severely damaged by overfishing
and destructive practices, including the use of cyanide and dynamite to capture fish.
In 2004, the nonprofit group Conservation International began a program called the Mesoamerican Reef Tourism Initiative, which aims to address the threat that mass tourism poses to the Mesoamerican Reef by engaging hoteliers, developers,
cruise lines and local governments in Mexico, Belize and Honduras. There is special emphasis on the Riviera Maya of Mexico, where, less than nine miles offshore, the island of Cozumel is the world’s second most-visited cruise destination after Miami,
according to the International Council of Cruise Lines.

Last year, as part of the Mesoamerican Reef initiative’s efforts, the cruise line council began an effort to avoid wastewater discharge by cruise ships in environmentally sensitive areas.

“This program will ensure that cruise line wastewater is discharged at least four miles from any of the sensitive marine ecosystems within the Mesoamerican Reef system, thereby minimizing the chance such discharges will have negative
impact on the long-term health of the reef,” said Jamie Sweeting, who oversees Conservation International’s work with the travel industry.

The cruise industry is a particular area of concern, since ships regularly disgorge crowds of passengers into fragile coastal areas that strain to absorb the impact. Conservation International estimates that cruise passengers typically make about
2,000 scuba dives in and around Cozumel’s surrounding reefs in a single day.
“We’re working with the municipal government, the local dive and water sports association, and the cruise lines themselves, because they all have a vested interest to look after this coral reef,” Mr. Sweeting said.

Areas being addressed include the creation of a dedicated snorkeling zone in Cozumel to limit visitor impact to one section of the reef, and ensuring that park management fees are collected and put toward protection and management of marine areas. The Mesoamerican Reef Tourism Initiative has also begun a program to evaluate and implement good business practices for conserving water and energy, reducing solid waste and managing chemicals at coastal hotels along the Riviera Maya and in southern Belize.

CRUCIAL partnerships between conservation groups and the tourism industry have also taken root in the Coral Triangle. In developing nations like Indonesia, where human and financial resources are slim, the cooperation of private tourism businesses has been instrumental in accomplishing reef conservation goals.

For example, Bunaken National Park, in north Sulawesi, is today managed in large part by a local association of dive operators who saw the declining quality of coral (and their livelihood) in the mid-1990s.

The Nature Conservancy’s Coral Triangle Center works at several sites in Indonesia, including the Raja Ampat Islands in Papua and Komodo National Park, a major protected marine area in the Lesser Sunda Islands. Komodo is now run by a nonprofit joint venture between the Nature Conservancy and a local tourism company. The joint venture, PT Putri Naga Komodo, was established in 2005.

Founded in 1980, the park is a World Heritage Site and protects the habitat of the Komodo dragon, as well as important whale migration routes between the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The reefs are rich in coral species and home to up to 1,000
species of fish. “After a decade supporting conservation in Komodo National Park, the Nature Conservancy recognized the need for selfsufficiency,” said Marcus Matthews-Sawyer, director of tourism communications for the joint venture. “The idea was that a joint venture between a well-respected N.G.O. and local tourism company would be able to balance conservation concerns with the need to generate revenues to ensure the long-term sustainability of the park. ” Tourism has helped raise awareness of the destination and of the reefs’ biological importance. Blast fishing — using explosives
to stun or kill fish — is now prohibited within the park. The ban is credited with a 60 percent increase in hard coral coverage between 1996 and 2002, according to the Coral Triangle Center. The collection of conservation fees from tourists, about $15 a stay, is vital to sustaining park management. The partnership plans to have Komodo self-financed by park fees by 2012.

Though the dragon namely Komodo which lies in the island nearby Sape to Komodo Island of Indonesia’s greatest tourism assets — it is one of the most frequently visited nature reserves in the country — conservation work there is also necessary to protect young fish that are a source for surrounding fishing grounds.
Enforcement of the park zoning system, which restricts access to certain parts of the reefs, continues to be a challenge because of limited resources. But a major goal of the tourism partnership is supporting sustainable community use of the
reef area, which includes providing alternative livelihoods to destructive fishing.
“Tourism creates jobs and puts much-needed income into the hands of local people, including those who previously might only have made a living from fishing,” Mr. Matthews-Sawyer said.

All three reef systems — the Great Barrier Reef, the Mesoamerican Reef and the Coral Triangle — are jeopardized by the threat of global warming, which kills coral and leads to a bleaching effect. And while tourism cannot solve the problem of
rising sea temperatures, the industry’s cooperation to eliminate specific pressures — by establishing a well-enforced notake zone, or reducing wastewater pollution, for example — helps reefs recover from bleaching and disease. The contribution
of conservation fees to support the protected areas, which many businesses have long resisted, is also important.

To keep coral reefs from disappearing as quickly as they have in recent years, people need to be involved and educated on every level from local government to hotel developers to cruise lines, said Mr. Sweeting of Conservation International.
“It took Cancún 35 years to develop to this massive size, and it took less than a decade for the Riviera Maya,” he said. “But nature will not let you get away with it.”

Lakey and Wera Beach in Sumbawa Island, West Nusa Tenggara of Indonesia

Bima Distric - Each March to August, Lakey Beach always visited by foreign tourists. From Bali and Lombok, they switch to Sumbawa Island at Hu'u village in Kabupaten Dompu.
In surfing, they take pains bearable heavy equipment that can surf and enjoy the sensation wind surfing.Location approximately two hours drive from the airport Muhammad Salahuddin, must rent a car, trips Rp.500.000.

After bad happen Bali bombs, Lakey had become a quiet beach. Australia adventures who always visit Lakey beach diligently were fear to visit anymore. However, two years back Lakey life. This time, visitors came from countries in Latin America and Europe. They live up to a matter of weeks and months, before finally leaving again seek new challenges.

Lakey Beach - is known among the surfing fans in the world. The wave only six to eight meters. Less far from Hawaii which have wave able to reach dozens of meters. However, Lakey has a special way because the waves to the left, not to the right as in the general sea. "To overcome this expertise needs to some own skills. The teritory has a little bit heavy because southpaw waves," said a tourist from Brazil found that middle dab face with protective sun cream.
Lakey at the end of August still leaving roller although not high enough in the best month, March to June. Dozens of tourists seemed busy stimulate their adrenalin, with the launch event ran in the sand carpet.

From the city of Bima, Wera beach can reach about three hours, before eventually circle back to the starting point. Beaches in this the area Wara, Kabupaten Bima, really still natural.

In the blazing sun, water, marine blue shimmer with a curve of white beach on the lips. The Heat felt made the plants along the road without chocolate leaves wither. It's a guaranteed throughout the journey you will be stunned.Occasionally hand-side of the beach and cohesive terrain barren.
When entering the village, houses traditional of Bima stood intact. Completely with cows, horses, and other wild animal. It take 5 hours to drive from Bima City, a circle passing through Wera East Bima, certainly will not be futile. The views will be reminde with sticky in your memories.

Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB) or West Nusatenggara Story

*)
West Nusa Tenggara Province named Sunda Kecil before 1951, and become East Indonesia State part. Based on the Lombok government constitution, East Indonesia Presidents decision on 9 May 1949 No.5/Prv/49, Lombok did not contain of a municipality but is a area that governed by Dutch Government and in 1946, 1949 had formed Neo Municipality or an area that done its autonomous based Zelf Bestuur Rgelen (ABR) in 1938. The Swatantra I area and Swatantra II area had formed since 14 August 1958. The government has developed when it formed based on the constitution number 1 in 1957 about the main point of region government.
Then the formed of Swatantra area in West Nusa Tenggara had done step by step start from 1959 until 1961.

The Wallace Line, named after 19th century naturalist, Alfred Russell Wallace, marks a point of transition between the flora and fauna of Western and Eastern Indonesia and acts as the Western boundary of West Nusa Tenggara, which includes Lombok Island and Sumbawa.

Lombok is noticeably different to its close neighbor, Bali. The northern part of the island is mountainous and lush with tall trees and shrubs. The South on the other hand is arid and covered by savannas. Large Asian mammals are absents and replaced instead by large numbers of marsupials, lizards, cockatoos and parrots.

The difference becomes more pronounced as one moves further east where dry seasons are more prolonged and the land is dry and bush-like, and so in many areas corn and sago are the staple food, instead of rice. At first Islam time come to these islands in the 16th century, four Hindu Kingdoms co-existed in apparent peace what is now called West Nusa Tenggara and is still the religion embraced by those in the west of Lombok, which are primarily Balinese.
Lombok experienced strong Balinese influences in the past, but has still retained a unique identifies. The indigenous people of Lombok, the Sasaks, are predominantly Moslem and have a strong, distinguished tradition, as do the people of neighboring Sumbawa.
Soft white sand, virgin beaches are typical in Lombok, where the motto is 'You can see Bali in Lombok, but not Lombok in Bali'. Famous for its 'tenun ikat' hand-woven textiles, the island has exceptional charm and its relatively undiscovered, except for Senggigi City, which becoming a major resort area. Regulars shuttle flights from
Bali and Surabaya as well as ferries provide excellent transportation links within the islands of the province as well as with the rest of the country.

The two largest islands in West Nusa Tenggara province are Lombok in the west and the larger Sumbawa Island in the east. Mataram, on Lombok, is the capital and largest city of the province. The province is administratively divided into six regencies and one municipality, Mataram. The Sasak ethnic group mainly inhabits Lombok, with a minority Balinese population then, Sumbawa and Bima ethnic groups inhabit Sumbawa. Each of these groups has a local language called Nggahi Samawa and Nggahi dou mbojo, associated with it as well. The population of the province is 3.821.134; 71 percent of the population lives in Lombok.

*)Edit from West Nusa Tenggara sundaadventuretours.com - 23 Feb 2009

Sape oh Sape...

About Sape Bima Indonesia

Before telling about Sape Indonesia, I have the importing thing to inform you that Sape is small distric in The part of Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB). So, not including Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) part as many information so far.

Sape is a fishing village in the far east of Sumbawa, West Nusa Tenggara or Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB). A fairly nondescript place itself, Sape provides access for those visiting nearby Komodo Island and neighboring Flores.

Sape consists of a fishing village and a nearby harbor on the eastern tip of East Sumbawa. If you have time, a look at the fishing village is worthwhile. Workmen can be seen building new boats in the fishermen’s complex.

Sape also consists of many natural forrestes, mountain, Farm, beach, villages so on.
Sape natural forrest have many kind of birds, bamboos, woods, wild old trees which almost have the same view with any jungles in word.

The first viewing when you enter Sape district from west way is passing natural jungle with amazing landscape, if you come by plane at Bima's airport called "Muhammad Salahuddin airport" and having native taxi in five menutes to the bus terminal namely "Dara Bus Terminal" then taking bus to continou your trip to Sape.
Bima’s Mohammad Salahuddin Airport receives flights direct from Ngurah Rai International Airport in Bali in an hour. It is a 2-hour bus ride to Sape from Bima bus station in town. Ferries take a good 10 hours from Labuanbajo if coming in from Flores in the east.
During the journey you can enjoy the jungle condition such as seeing funny mongkeys, natural water fall and getting natural fresh air. in the Maria Village: not far from Sape, Maria is fairly interesting for its many rice barns and colorful people.

sape

Sape 's the name of small city in the part of east Bima Timur Distric which becomes a transit distric between west and east part of Indonesia.
Beside have great condition in geography, Sape has many wonderfull Tourism places such as Torowamba beach, Papa beach, Santigi Sape (soldem bonsay) forest etc, and tourism support such as : Ferry ship port, oil center, vennesee boat, cheep Inn, Restaurant, information center, Internet browsing so on.
You can also have fun with amazing traditonal dance namely Buja kadanda dance and sing of Sape namely Rawa mbojo kani biola Bimaness and a good view of Bugis Fisherman village beach.
These are some of Sape Pictures that perhaps describe little bit information you need.