Kerja Keras adalah Energi Kita, LPG

Kerja Keras adalah energi kita - According PT. Pertamina Persero Cyber News in Jakarta, Monday, October 19 2009 (16:28) Kerosene conversion to LPG Successfully Save USD $ 10.7 Trillion Oil Subsidy. That' s wonderfull way !

I interest to review that great moment by writting this to follow Pertamina Blog Contest in celebrating PT. Pertamina's birthday.

Cause of nice motto - kerja keras adalah energi kita - LPG conversion program success 3 kg and continued to do the addition of distribution facilities and stockpiling of LPG is carried out led to an appreciation of Pertamina awards Dharma Karya Energy and Mineral Resources Ministry Associate of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM), Monday (28 / 9).

Awards received by the National Program Implementation Team Convert Kerosene to LPG because of the success of the program do the conversion of kerosene to LPG 3 pounds that have been made from 2007 to the present.
Awards for success with amazing motto kerja keras adalah energi kita, given the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Purnomo Yusgiantoro of Indonesia to PT Pertamina (Persero) which has distributed nearly 40 million package for the conversion of prime households and small businesses. Until the second week of October, the accumulated amount of the distribution tube has reached 39,885,177.
For the year 2009, recorded until mid-October 2009, Pertamina has distributed packets of stoves and cylinders 20,138,021 Family Head (KK) and micro-businesses or achieve the target 85 percent of the 23,772,582 package later this year.

With - kerja keras adalah energi kita - LPG conversion program is successful it rolled out in Indonesia is the largest in the world, because this conversion is done by the target 52 million households within three years in 2010, even this program has been praised by the World LP Gas Association as a model for the conversion of non-user LPG to LPG which can be used as examples of other countries.

Pertamina also received awards represented also accepted by the Hanung Budya build infrastructure for the success of LPG Filling Stations particularly Bulk Liquefied petroleum gas (SPBE) as many as 103 fruits. In addition, Pertamina is also building the largest SPBE supported 120 Liquefied petroleum gas filling machine and has a charging capacity of 1,000 metric tons per day, it also because of kerja keras adalah energi kita spirit.

Kerosene conversion to LPG

Throughout the 2007-2009 period conversion program was carried out, has managed to save the state subsidy of Rp 19.98 trillion. The cost for the conversion package is around Rp. 9.3 Trillion, so the total savings that can be performed country is around Rp. 10.7 Trillion.

Since the start of a conversion program in 2007, LPG consumption continues to increase. For the year 2009, Pertamina predicts the total use of LPG will penetrate a 3 million metric tons. This figure consists of 1.7 million LPG Mton for PSO (subsidized) and 1.3 million Tonnes of LPG Non Subsidy. The increased consumption of LPG gas fuel must be followed by efforts to improve infrastructure performance and distribution support. For that by handling the motto - kerja keras adalah energi kita -, Pertamina seek acceleration of the development of supporting infrastructure. Including the development of several LPG Storage Terminal either made by Pertamina and the third party as an investment partner.

Withdrawal of kerosene has reached 97 percent of the registration of 4,045,928 Kilo Liter Revised targets 2009 for 4.1 million Kilo Liter. For the realization of refill (refill tube) and the prime LPG has reached 1,301,070 Metric Ton (MT) or 77 percent of the target year 2009 is 1,753,552 MT. Target 52 million beneficiaries are expected to pack in mid 2010. Bravo pertamina ! Happy birthday - kerja keras adalah energi kita

When the Lamp Is Shattered

by : Percy Bysshe Shelley

When the lamp is shattered
The light in the dust lies dead
When the cloud is scattered 

The rainbow's glory is shed. 

When the lute is broken, 

Sweet tones are remembered not.

When the lips have spoken,

Loved accents are soon forgot.

As music and splendour

Survive not the lamp and the lute.
The heart's echoes render 

No song when the spirit is mute--
No song but sad dirges, 

Like the wind through a ruined cell,
Or the mournful surges 

That ring the dead seaman's knell. 

When hearts have once mingled 

Love first leaves the well-built nest.
The weak one is singled 

To endure what it once possessed.
Oh Love! who bewailest 

The frailty of all things here,
Why choose you the frailest 

For your cradle, your home, and your bier?

Its passions will rock thee 

As the storms rock the ravens on high.
Bright reason will mock thee, 

Like the sun from a wintry sky.
From thy nest every rafter 

Will rot, and thine eagle home 

Leave thee naked to laughter,
When leaves fall and cold winds come

when you tell me that you love me

BY: Diana Rose

I wanna can the star
down from the sky

I wanna live a day
That never dies

I wanna change the world
only for you

All the imporsible
I wanna do

I wanna hold you close
under the rain

I wanna kiss your smile
and feel that pain

I know what's beautiful
looking at you

and the world of life
your the truth

"and baby everytime you touch me, i'll become a hero. I'make you save no matter where your.
and bring you every you ask for, nothing is about me. I'm shinning like a candle in the dark, WHEN YOU TELL ME THAT YOU LOVE ME

Pertamina Lubricants, Kerja keras adalah energi kita

Kerja keras adalah energi kita - with this great motto, PT. Pertamina Persero as oil and gas producers who have 52-year-old integrated business from exploration and production, processing to marketing of products, both domestically and abroad. Domestically, Pertamina Lubricants is a market leader for more than 54%, while outside of Indonesia, Pertamina Lubricants are marketed to Belgium, Pakistan, UAE, Myanmar, Singapore, Taiwan, etc.. This shows the quality of Pertamina lubricants are recognized by consumers the world

For this posting I try to follow Pertamina Blog Contest with smart motto kerja keras adalah energi kita by reviewing press release of PT. Pertamina Persero in Sydney, October 23, 2009 - PT.PERTAMINA (Persero) through its Lubricants business unit launched a high-quality lubricants for the Australian market. The day before Pertamina also success in Kerosene conversion to LPG Successfully Save USD $ 10.7 Trillion Oil Subsidy.

Official launch events conducted by the Ministry of Transpotation NSW, Director of Marketing and Commerce Pertamina of Indonesia and its consulate general in the State House Kosulat General of the Republic of Indonesia in Sydney on Friday October 23, 2009. Segment lubricant marketed to Australian consumers including automotive and industrial segments. Some brands are Fastron lubricant production, Prima XP, etc. Pertamina lubricant with tagline X'treme Power & Protektion (XP2), based on the quality of lubricants are divided into 3 classes namely Premium, Gold and Silver are adjusted with its use. Pertamina lubricant is made from a mixture of base oil (mineral and fully synhetic) plus best additive manufactured by world-class companies such as Lubrizol, Infenium, Chevron Oronite etc., resulting in high quality lubricant from the API (Association des Constructeurs European d'Automobiles), Volvo , DaimlairChrysler, in the automotive sector, as well as certificates of Komatsu, Niigata, Caterpillar, Wartsila, etc. in industrial lubricants segment. Australian market is very attractive to Pertamina, but due to the relatively close distance, has a value quite prestigious because of the countries "Western". Australia lubricant needs around 550,000 KL / year. Initial target is the automotive segment both Top Tier and Mid Tier, the need for KL 260,000 (48% of national demand). Targeted marketing network is independent garage, pool taxi, bus / truck pool, and autoparts retailer of independent (non-chain). For the first year, PT.PERTAMINA PERSERO sales target of about 3-5 containers per month. With an estimated 15-20% growth per year, is expected in 2015 Pertamina lubricants business in Australia has reached over 5000 KL / year. In distributing Pertamina's lubricants and serves customers in Australia, Pertamina has been appointed a Country Distributors, Lubricants Pty Ltd Offshor the address at 28 Bryant Street, Padstow NSW 2211 Australia. We have been marketing Offshore Lubricants Lubricants to gerage independent, so that consumers can obtain Lubricants education, promotion activities etc. and of course with competitive price.. Bravo pertamina! Kerja keras adalah energi kita.

Alkaloids

by Fahry Marewo5

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the chemical compounds alkaloids. For the pharmaceutical company in the Republic of Macedonia, see Alkaloid (company).

Alkaloids are naturally occurring chemical compounds containing basic nitrogen atoms.[1] The name derives from the word alkaline and was used to describe any nitrogen-containing base. Alkaloids are produced by a large variety of organisms, including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals and are part of the group of natural products (also called secondary metabolites). Many alkaloids can be purified from crude extracts by acid-base extraction. Many alkaloids are toxic to other organisms. They often have pharmacological effects and are used as medications, as recreational drugs, or in entheogenic rituals. Examples are the local anesthetic and stimulant cocaine, the stimulant caffeine, nicotine, the analgesic morphine, or the antimalarial drug quinine. Some alkaloids have a bitter taste.

Alkaloid classifications
Generally speaking, alkaloids are categorized under three main categories,depending on their biogenic origin. For those containing at least a nitrogen atom in a ring system derived from amino acids (i.e. alkaloids derived from phenylalanine are not grouped in this category), they are true alkaloids. The alkaloids derived from phenylalanine are categorized as protoalkaloids. While the remaining ones, such as steroidal alkaloids and purine alkaloids, are classified as pseudoalkaloids.
Alkaloids are usually classified by their common molecular precursors, based on the metabolic pathway used to construct the molecule.[citation needed] When not much was known about the biosynthesis of alkaloids, they were grouped under the names of known compounds, even some non-nitrogenous ones (since those molecules' structures appear in the finished product; the opium alkaloids are sometimes called "phenanthrenes", for example), or by the plants or animals they were isolated from. When more is learned about a certain alkaloid, the grouping is changed to reflect the new knowledge, usually taking the name of a biologically-important amine that stands out in the synthesis process.[original research?]
• Pyridine group: piperine, coniine, trigonelline, arecoline, arecaidine, guvacine, cytisine, lobeline, nicotine, anabasine, sparteine, pelletierine.
• Pyrrolidine group: hygrine, cuscohygrine, nicotine
• Tropane group: atropine, cocaine, ecgonine, scopolamine, catuabine
• Indolizidine group: senecionine, swainsonine
• Quinoline group: quinine, quinidine, dihydroquinine, dihydroquinidine, strychnine, brucine, veratrine, cevadine
• Isoquinoline group: opium alkaloids (papaverine, narcotine, narceine, morphine, codeine, heroine), sanguinarine, hydrastine, berberine, emetine, berbamine, oxyacanthine
• Phenanthrene alkaloids: opium alkaloids (morphine, codeine, thebaine)
• Phenethylamine group: mescaline, ephedrine, dopamine
• Indole group:
o Tryptamines: serotonin, DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, bufotenine, psilocybin
o Ergolines (the ergot alkaloids): ergine, ergotamine, lysergic acid
o Beta-carbolines: harmine, harmaline, tetrahydroharmine
o Yohimbans: reserpine, yohimbine
o Vinca alkaloids: vinblastine, vincristine
o Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) alkaloids: mitragynine, 7-hydroxymitragynine
o Tabernanthe iboga alkaloids: ibogaine, voacangine, coronaridine
o Strychnos nux-vomica alkaloids: strychnine, brucine
• Purine group:
o Xanthines: caffeine, theobromine, theophylline
• Terpenoid group:
o Aconitum alkaloids: aconitine
o Steroid alkaloids (containing a steroid skeleton in a nitrogen containing structure):
 Solanum (e.g. potato and tomato) alkaloids (solanidine, solanine, chaconine)
 Veratrum alkaloids (veratramine, cyclopamine, cycloposine, jervine, muldamine)[2]
 Fire Salamander alkaloids (samandarin)
 Others: conessine
• Quaternary ammonium compounds: muscarine, choline, neurine
• Miscellaneous: capsaicin, cynarin, phytolaccine, phytolaccotoxin

Physicochemical properties
Low-molecular weight alkaloids without hydrogen bond donors such as hydroxy groups are often liquid at room temperature, examples are nicotine, sparteine, coniine, and phenethylamine.
The basicity of alkaloids depends on the lone pairs of electrons on their nitrogen atoms. As organic bases, alkaloids form salts with mineral acids such as hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid and organic acids such as tartaric acid or maleic acid. These salts are usually more water-soluble than their free base form.

Aeromonas hydrophila

Aeromonads are ubiquitous, oxidase-positive, facultatively anaerobic, glucose-fermenting, Gram-negative bacteria that are native to aquatic environments (Hazen et al., 1978). They have been found in brackish, fresh, estuarine, marine, chlorinated and unchlorinated water supplies worldwide, with highest numbers obtained in the warmer months (Van der Kooj et al., 1988; Kaper et al., 1981; Hazen et al., 1978). Aeromonads have been isolated from diseased cold- and warm-blooded animals for over 100 years, and from humans since the early 1950s (Mathewson and Dupont, 1992).

Scanning electron micrograph of Aeromonas hydrophila attached to a human intestinal epithelial cell line (photo courtesy of Northwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA).
Aeromonas hydrophila
• motile rod-shaped bacterium
• 0.3-1.0 um in diameter and 1.0-3.5 um in length
• no spore stage; usually unencapsulated
• optimum growth at 28 C, but growth observed at extremes (4 C and 37 C)

The ubiquitous nature of Aeromonas species in aquatic environments provides ample opportunity for animals, particularly fish and amphibians, to come into contact with, and to ingest organisms. Such contact may lead to infection which, depending on the species and the virulence of the strains encountered, may have life-threatening consequences.

Aeromonas hydrophila has been recovered from a wide-range of freshwater fish species worldwide, and occasionally from marine fish—e.g. ulcer disease of cod (Larsen and Jensen, 1977). However, conflicting views have been expressed over the precise role of A. hydrophila as a fish pathogen. Some researchers contend that the organism is only a secondary invader of previously weakened hosts, while others believe that A. hydrophila is a primary pathogen of freshwater fish (Eurell et al., 1978).
The Disease (in Fish)

A. hydrophila has been associated with several disease conditions in fish, including tail rot, fin rot, and haemorrahagic septicaemias. Haemorrahagic septicaemia is characterized by the presence of small surface lesions, often leading to sloughing off of the scales, haemorrhaging in the gills and anus, ulcers, abscesses, exophthalmia (bulging eyes), and abdominal swelling (dropsy)--often seen in European carp culture. Internally, there may be the presence of ascitic fluid in the peritoneal cavity, anaemia, and swelling of the kidney and liver (Miyazaki and Kaige, 1985). Another condition caused by A. hydrophila, known as red-fin disease, is characterized by the presence of surface haemorrhages and scale erosion.

Eel (Anguilla japonica) with red-fin disease caused by Aeromonas hydrophila (photo courtesy of Dr. Teruo Miyazaki). During the 1960s, outbreaks of red-fin disease, caused by A. hydrophila, occurred frequently in cultured eels in Japan (Hoshina, 1962; Egusa, 1978).

The etiologic agent is transmitted horizontally (between animals other than parents and offspring) but not vertically (from parent to offspring). The bacteria multiply inside the intestine, causing a haemorrhagic mucuous-desquamative catarrh (excessive mucous secretion). Toxic metabolites of A. hydrophila are absorbed from the intestine and induce poisoning. Capillary haemorrhage occurs in the dermis of fins and trunk and in the submucosa of the stomach. Hepatic cells and epithelia of renal tubules show degeneration. Glomeruli are destroyed and the tissue becomes haemorrhagic, with exudates of serum and fibrin (Miyazaki and Jo, 1985; Miyazaki and Kage, 1985).

Aeromonas species produce many products that may be toxic to other cells. Some are released from viable cells in soluble form. Others may remain associated with the cell surface, and still others may be released upon cell death. Three of the extracellular proteins of Aeromonas species—that have been implicated in pathogenicity—have been cloned, sequenced, and characterized biochemically. These are aerolysin, GCAT (glycerophospholipid:cholesterol acyltransferase), and a serine protease (Howard and Buckley, 1986; Buckley et al., 1991; Rodriguez et al, 1992)
Outbreaks of disease are usually associated with a change in environmental conditions. Stressors, including overcrowding, high temperature, a sudden change of temperature, rough handling, transfer of fish, low dissolved oxygen, poor nutritional status, and fungul or parasitic infection, contribute to physiological changes and heighten susceptibility to infection.

Control and Treatment
Prevention in Aquaculture (adpated from Warren, 1991)
1.Avoid hatchery to hatchery transfers of fish. Fish gradually develop resistance to local strains of bacteria but may carry virulent organisms to another hatchery when transferred.
2.Provide optimal environmental conditions for the species being reared, paying special attention to the maintenance of oxygen levels and the gentle handling of fish.
3.Prophylactic treatments are helpful when sorting, handling, or moving broodstock. Intraperitoneal injections of 10–30 mg per pound of body weight of aqueous chloramphenicol has reduced post-handling losses by 80–90 percent in Europe.
4.Antibiotics or disinfectants should be added to the water as a prophylactic measure when fish are transported in tank trucks or plastic bags. Acriflavin at 2–4 ppm has been used in routine fish transportation operations.

Therapy
Chemotherapeutic agents are used for the treatment of A. hydrophila in fish farms. Isolates of A. hydrophila in fish have been found to be sensitive to chloramphenicol, florfenicol, tetracycline, sulphonamide, nitrofuran derivatives, and pyrodinecarboxylic acids (Aoki and Egusa, 1971; Endo et al., 1973; Katae et al. 1979; Fukui et al. 1987). In hatchery operations, terramycin has been effective when incorporated into pelleted fish feed and fed at 3.5 grams of active drug per 100 pounds of fish per day for 10 days (Warren, 1991). [Note: Antibacterial therapy will provide only short-term relief if adverse environmental conditions such as high water temperatures, low water flows, low oxygen levels, or crowding are not promptly corrected].

The Disease (in Humans)
Bacteraemia (bacteria in the blood) is the most common pathogenic manifestation of Aeromonas in humans. Mild symptoms include fever and chills, but patients who become septic (overwhelming bacterial infection) with Aeromonas often exhibit abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

Reports of Aeromonas wound infections have appeared increasingly in the literature. Unlike gastroenteritis, these infections can have fatal or serious debilitating outcomes, such as amputations. Aeromonas wounds fall into three categories, listed in order of increasing severity of damage caused: cellulitis, myonecrosis, and ecthyma gangrenosum.

Cellulitis, the most frequently encountered Aeromonas wound infection, is an acute inflammation of subcutaneous tissue characterized by redness and induration that may arise from injury or secondary to sepsis (Musher, 1980). Myonecrosis and ecthyma, the two less commonly seen types of Aeromonas infections, are typically found in patients that are immunocompromised. Myonecrosis, or bullous lesions, is characterized by the liquefaction of muscles with blackening of the tissue which may be gangrenous with gas formation. These patients require agressive antimicrobial therapy and debridement; those individuals that fail to respond to these measures may require amputation (Haburchak, 1996). The third type, ecthyma gangrenosum, is a cutaneous necrotic or gangrenous pustule that occurs secondary to sepsis. Lesions have an erythematous border surrounding a vesicle which can progress to necrosis of the soft tissue within 24 h. This type of infection is usually fatal (Musher, 1980).

Outcomes such as these serve as a sobering reminder to properly attend to wounds with clean water and antiseptics. Never wash a wound with lake or river water!
A. hydrophila infections require prompt attention at the first sign of onset. Most infections are treated with fluoroquinolones. Alternative agents include aztreonam, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, third-generation cephalosporins, and/or aminoglycosides (Mani et al., 1995).

Reff From :
el_fahrybimantara.blogspot.com
John Hayes
MB592 - Diseases of Fish
Spring 2000 Term Project
Oregon State University

Bonsai refreshing

Many are probably in the habit of keeping some indoor plants. Tending them with love, giving them the required sunlight and water, these plants brighten some of the dark spots in our homes.

A bonsai is definitely for indoors. Plants, which have been shaped by an artist is a wonder. When one sees a small orange tree with a lot of fruits or a sapotica with delicious fruits hanging from its small braches or a miniature woody banyan tree, they are always awe-inspiring.

These creations are again a labour of love. Just like looking after a garden full of plants, bonsai demands attention and care. It is an art to shape them into different styles and keeping them all pruned and groomed.

Proper display

When these dwarfed trees and shrubs are kept in proper places at homes, they not just add to the beauty, it also makes a visitor wonder about the art. They need to be displayed properly for total appreciation.

All the inspiring work definitely takes some perseverance. C.C. Sebastian, who has been growing bonsai for more than 25 years now, said that it is important to know which plants will look good in different shapes. Usually trees with small leaves make a beautiful bonsai, since the canopy looks wonderful.

Mr. Sebastian has at home a two-feet mango tree which flowers and fruits every year, a cashew tree in full glory and many other flowering plants, like the Gulmohar (Vaga) tree and Cassia (kani-konna). A hibiscus looks wonderful as a bonsai so do desert rose and bogainvilla and lots of other varieties. "We can make a bonsai of jasmine and rose too," said Mr. Sebastian, who is a regulat participant at the annual flower show.

Once a person gets to know the nitty-gritty of growing a bonsai, giving it a periodical trim and styling it as it grows would help the person learn more about the natural ways of the plant. While some plants look best in an upright position, some look better if it acquires a slanting shape, giving it a windswept look.

There are usually some tips regarding which plant looks good in which shape, but there are no hard and fast rules. "We all learn by experience," said Mr. Sebastian, who takes classes on growing bonsai.

Basic styles

Some of the know basic bonsai styles are formal upright, informal upright, broom, slanting, semi-cascade and cascade. Plants can be given any style and shape, but for the beginners need to stick to the plant's natural ways. Development of the trunk is important for bonsai. The usual classic style is to have a thick base, which tapers at the end.

Correct pots

It is not just the style that a bonsai is given that is appealing to a viewer. The pots that hold a bonsai are equally important. A bonsai is usually grown in shallow pots. They need to be perched on stands that are kept at eye level. A bonsai has to be appreciated by its artistically formed root, trunk and leaves.

All bonsais need not necessarily be grown in shallow pots. There are some that require a deeper pot too. Some of the fruit trees would require more water and hence a deeper pot. However, it needs to be mentioned that if some trees are grown in deep pots, which can hold more water, the roots may also rot. Hence one has to know which tree needs shallow and which needs a deeper pot.

The colour of the pots is important too. A leafy tree can have a vibrant coloured pot while a colourful plant needs to tone down on the pot colour. Shapes of pots also matter. A well-chosen container can enhance the beauty of the plant.

The practice of bonsai is ever developing since the times it had originated in China more than thousand years ago. It was only in the beginning of last century that world got to know about the bonsai art. Since then it has been a developing art.

SHYAMA RAJAGOPAL / www.hindu.com